Shuji Funo: Kampung as a CosmosCommunity Based Development in IndonesiaTowards an Architecture and Urban Planning based on Vernacular Values in the Regions;On the Role of Community Architect, Souq al-Silah, Cairo,11th, Feb., 2023
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NmV0VcZRPtFflnJLJe51qq9cyEGJwnfu/view?usp=drive_link
20230211_lecture 11_02 (vimeo.com)
Souq al-Silah, Cairo 11th, Feb., 2023
Kampung as a Cosmos
Community Based Development in Indonesia
Towards an Architecture and Urban Planning based on Vernacular Values in the Regions;
On the Role of Community Architect
Dr.Shuji Funo
Visiting Prof. at Nihon University
Honarary Member of AIJ
0 Introduction
Slide 01 Introduction
Today, I would like to talk about “kampung” community in Indonesia.
I have been deeply involved in urban and architectural field studies in Asia for more than 40 years since 1978. when we started the research project on human settlements in Southeast Asia with my colleagues and jointly with ITS (Institute Teknologi Surabaya) research Group headed by Prof. Johan Silas.
I have written two books on kampung in 1991 and 2019.
Today I’d like to talk the essence of two books, that is, some findings learning from kampung community and its community-based development.
One is the book titled “The World of Kampung: Javanese People’s House Stories” in 1991 based on my doctorate thesis titled “Studies on Transitional Process of Kampung and Kampung Housing System –Considerations on Alternative Strategies for Housing”(Tokyo University) in 1987. for the general public in 1991.
The second is the book “Surabaya – Kampung as a Cosmos: The origin, Transformation and Metamorphosis of Southeast Asian Cities” in 2019
Slide 02 Kampung and KIP
Anyway, what is Kampung!
Kampung in Indonesian means ”village”. If you say “Kampung an”, that means “Country Boy”. Even though it is a residential area in the city, it is called kampung(village). In English, the term “urban village” fits perfectly.
Interesting matter is OED (Oxford English Dictionary) says, Kampung is the origin of the word ‘compound’. Hearing that the enclosed living quarter in Batavia and Malacca was called ‘kampung’, Englishman began to use the word ‘kampung=compound’ to native settlement in India in early 19th century, thereafter also in Africa. I am sure that kampung is so interesting as a model of urban community to be developed to the neighborhood unit of a new town even in another countries. Anyway, the world of kampung opened my eyes to the vast field of urban tissues in the World.
I am not sure you know splendid improvement program of the living environment called the KIP (Kampung Improvement Program) have been carried out by kampung community, and have been highly acclaimed internationally (Aga Khan Award, UN-Habitat Award). I would like to introduce further new developments including Post-KIP project to think about community-based development in Soul al-Silah, Cairo.
Slide 03 Curriculum Vitae
As for my background, I skip. See Appendix C. After graduating from Tokyo University, I have taught architectural and urban planning at five national, public and private universities in Japan.
Slide 04 Egyptian Japanese Schools 2016-2017
From 2016 to 2017, I was involved in a project to build 100 Japanese-style schools in Egypt, and I supported the design board of Ministry of Education to design four model plans.
I will list Document 1 of the report at that time in the chat column.
Slide 05 The Potential of Historic Cairo Some Suggestions based on EJ Student Proposals at International Workshop, 2017
February of last year, a year ago, I reported on the various proposals by students at International workshop held in 2017.
I will list Document 2 of Power Point Data at that time also in the chat column.
Slide 06
This is last sheet of Power Point. I raised some critical points to realize various ideas. Fund, sustainable place and organization, Facilitators(community architects) as multi-players, ・・・and so on.
Although I was unable to attend this seminar, because I am involved in on going urban revitalization project on a remote island in Japan. I would like to commend highly that the discussion has been continued.
Slide 07 Urban Harmony Kyoto Machia Renovation & Urban Landscape
I also had the opportunity to talk about the renovation of Machia townhouses and the urban landscape of Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan.
I will list Document 3 of Power Point Data at that time also in the chat column.
1 Kampung?
Slide 08 Kampung as a Cosmos Contents
So, let’s start.
Due to the limited time, the explanation will be insufficient, but please feel free to ask questions.
Slide 09 What is kampung?
I do not repeat the academic debate about what Kampung is, but the word compound came into general use during the colonization process of Western countries.
An 18th-century map of Banten shows a densely packed urban village with palm trees and fenced kampungs.
Banten is located 60-70 km west of Jakarta, and was a big city competitive with Ayutthaya at that time, but now it is included into the Jakarta metropolitan area.
Slide 10 Desa/Kerlahan/Kampung
The traditional villages of each ethnic group and region in Indonesia have been called various names.
Desa originally referred to a village in Java.
On the other hand, in Sunda (West Java) ka(e)lurahan was used to mean a village.
Slide 11 Kampung=Urban Village
“Kampung” is a reintegration of Desa in the city while retaining Desa elements.
Javanese villages have retained a strong “communal” character, and this characteristic has been inherited in some form in urban kampongs.
Gotong royong (mutual assistance) and Rukun (harmony), which are considered to be the highest values of Javanese people, which support the life of “Kampung”, are related to the tradition of Desa.
Slide 12 RT/RW
The smallest administrative units of modern Indonesian cities are RT and RW. RT is Rukun Tetanga. Rukun means “harmony, unity” which is a traditional Javanese concept as I mentioned. Tetanga is a neighbor.
In fact, this RT, RW is said to have been brought during Japanese Colonial Period. Japanese forces occupied Indonesia from 1942 to 1945. I won’t go into detail about that, but this community-based resonance relationship is an interesting fact.
Tonari Gumi organization is the origin of the current RT. or Rukun Tatanga.
10 to 20 households form Tonarigumi units, and a RT leader is appointed by the Head of the Ward (Desa Head). Tonari Gumi holds regular meetings at least once a month. For each kampung, some association is organized.
2 The World of Kampung
Slide 13 The World of Kampung
I have been to Surabaya almost every year since my first visit and have learned a lot about the Kampung community.
Physically they were poor, but the community organization was really solid and active.
I’d like to summarize some of the interesting characteristics of the Kampung community.
Slide 14 Kampungs in Surabaya population
The population of Surabaya City is currently about 3.5 million people, but, the population of the Surabaya metropolitan area is as high as 15 million people next to Jakarta Metropolitan Region as much as Cairo Metropolitan Region.
Surabaya City consists of 5 wards in the east, west, north, south, and center, and there is a total of 31 Kecamatan, and a total of 1,362 RW and 9,096 RT. Kecamatan has a population of 45,000 to 200,000, which is generally the size of a city in Japan. A simple average population is 2273 in RW and 345 in RT.
Slide 15 Target Kampungs for Field Studies
There are three fixed kampungs that I have observed for 40 years. One is the densest Kampung near the port facilities in the north with a population density of about 1500 people/ha. One is the city center, Kampong, which was developed as a residential area during the Dutch colonial period and has a population density of about 600 people/ha. The last one is a downtown kampong near the city center.
You can see the atmosphere, daily life of 3 kampongs from the QR code.
Slide 16 Characteristics of Kampung Community
The characteristics of kampung to be noticed as an urban settlement, are these.
(1) Variety of Kampungs
Each kampung has its own characteristics that varies according to location (distance from the city center), constitution of income groups, migratory backgrounds of inhabitants or mobility of population, its history, its spatial pattern and so on.
It’s very important that distribution of various urban settlements give alternatives when people choose the place to live. Even the poorest income group can find some living quarters. Some scholar insists that variety of kampung is only a solution to the housing problems in developing regions. Global south
Slide 17 Characteristics of Kampung Community(2)～（4）
(2) Kampung as a Whole World
Kampung is not a mere residential settlement, in general has both functions of production and consumption. The cycle from production to consumption can be a closed within kampung. Living place is very near to workplace. Almost all the daily activities can be carried out in the neighborhood unit. It must be pointed out that kampung itself is parasitic to the city center, which has various facilities for job opportunity. They cannot survive without earning money from outside the kampung. But kampung largely forms autonomous and self-contained community.
(3) Heterogeneity of Kampung
Kampung forms plural society, that is not a homogeneous community. Mix habitation, which means the situation various groups live together in a same area, is a characteristic of kampung. Rich people often live in next door to poor people. It should be noticed that rich people support the life of the poor even in the poorest kampungs.
(4) Kampung as a Highly Serviced Society—Hawkers (peddlers)’ culture
Everybody can get almost all the kinds of foods and goods for daily life because street vendor and peddlers are always rambling to serve the inhabitants. It is because job opportunity is very scarce in the kampung. But for the inhabitants, kampung is a highly serviced society.
Slide 18 Characteristics of Kampung Community (5)～(8)
(5) Mutual Aid System
Kampung communities is usually well organized. The inhabitants help themselves through the mutual aid activities, which is indispensable in the kampung life. The spirit of mutual aid characterizes kampung community.
(6) Preservation of Traditional Culture
People tend to preserve the traditional way of life in the rural village from where he comes. Kampung should be considered to be a settlement that has own vernacular values.
(7) Housing as a Process
Housing is a process. Urban settlements are generated by accumulating infinite housing process involving all the diversities of its inhabitants. In urban (Regional) planning or housing project, we should accept growth and a gradual process of addition in the making of an individual house.
(8) Complicated Ownership Relations
It is one of the major characteristics that ownership relations are complicated. It may appear as a development lag in the modern world, but complicated land ownership relations sometimes help in resisting the urban property speculation.
I think how to evaluate these features of Kampung is very important in planning and designing. What can we do in front of the realities of cities of developing countries? I suggest that we should follow the basic principles of urban planning below.
Slide 19 Urban Involution & Shared Poverty
The greatest thing that I have learned from my many years of on-site research on Kampung life and community is C. Geertz’s principle of Involution.
I won’t go into the details of the discussion, but it means evolving inwards rather than expanding and growing.
C. Geertz also says shared poverty, but this is not a good connotation. We would better say “shared resources, energy, environment, the earth or globe.
Work-sharing System, Mutual aid System is very important.
Slide 20 Note Urban Involution
3 Kampung Improvement Program
Slide 21 KIP
Surabaya has a giant Prof. named J. Silas, who has been committed to Surabaya’s Housing policy since the late 1960s until today. He is a great city architect of Surabaya and has trained many community architects based at Surabaya Institute of Technology. Rismaharini, who served as mayor of Surabaya for 10 years until 2021, is also one of his students. I have learned a lot since I met him in 1979.
Slide 22 KIP
KIP itself is an attempt to improve the physical living environment on-site, to install public services and minimal infrastructure, water and sewage systems, the development of sidewalks and roads, and public toilets and baths without significantly changing the living structure of kampung.
It does not include housing supply, it entrusts housing improvement to the residents because of direct housing supply is costly.
Slide 23 History of KIP
I skip the history of KIP.
It dates back to the Dutch colonial era. Called Kampung Vorevetering, the improvement was limited to European settlements.
・After World War II, Indonesia experienced explosive population growth, but the problems of urban infrastructure and living environment remained untouched until the end of the 1960s.
・Of course, public housing was tried, but it could not cover the amount, and there was not enough financial base.
・It’s very important the city of Surabaya started KIP entirely independently in 1968. That is called W.R.Supratman KIP after the composer of the Indonesian national anthem who had a connection with Surabaya. ・It was an improvement project, just distributing cement slabs for pavement.
・The World Bank’s financing, which focused on the wide range of influence of KIP and the high return on investment, came late.
・The World Bank KIP was discontinued in the mid-1980s, but by then it had improved almost everywhere.
Slide 24 Basic Strategy of Kampung Housing System.
I wrote my dissertation based on field research for almost ten years and published my first book. Based on discussions with Dr. J. Silas and others, we are proposing a new Basic Strategy of Kampung Housing System.
Basic Principle are
①Integrated Approach②Community Initiative③Participation ④Step by Step Approach ⑤Small Scale Project ⑥Self-Build, Housing by Mutual aid ⑦Housing System based on Eco-System ⑧Appropriate technology for Housing ⑨Housing as a Process ⑩Variety of Space
Kampung Housing System are consisted of
（ⅰ）Form of House: Design of Prototype
（ⅱ）Collective Form: Design of Rental House
（ⅲ）Development of Building System
（ⅳ）Building Parts System：Workshop
（ⅴ）Renewal System of Kampung House
（ⅵ）Cooperative Housing System
（ⅶ）Arisan （Private Finance） System
（ⅷ）Maintenance System
（ⅸ）Building Code
（ⅹ）Evaluation System
4 Rusun & Surabaya Eco House
Slide 25
By the end of 1980s, KIP was implemented in almost all kampungs of the city, and from the beginning of 1990s, multi-family housing construction called RUSUN Rumah Susun began. Rumah means housing and Susun means stack.
Slide 26
This is the first RUSUN designed by ITS Team in 1990.
Unlike ordinary condominiums, RUSUN has a unique floor plan with a wide common space, although the area of each unit is small at 3m x 6m = 18m2. It’s a kind of collective house. The kitchen and bathroom are in one place. There will be a small praying room called Lanngar on each floor, as well as a small shop.
Slide 27
In principle, people who used to live in the site of kampung enter RUSUN in units of RT. Common space facilities are also used for kampung meetings, various events like wedding ceremony.
Slide 28 Surabaya Eco-cycled House
We have a chance to build an experimental house called Surabaya Eco house, which aims at developing the model of collective housing in South East Asia (Humid Tropical Regions).
This experimental project firstly launches the basic plan based on our previous studies on kampungs.
Our proposal was luckily accepted as a project by IDI (International Foundation Development of Infrastructure), and the model house was built at Surabaya (ITS campus, Indonesia) in June 1998.
Slide 29 The Basic Techniques
As for the basic techniques and methods, I skip. Basically, we used Passive Technology.
A. Skeleton-Infill Structural Method
- Planning Adequate to Local Life Style
Slide 30
- Passive Cooling Technology
①Ddouble Roofing
To effectively break sunlight heat, the roof has been designed as double-layered-roof with heat-insulating and air layers. The heat-insulating material has been developed of local products, coconut fiber. The air layer is placed the outer-side of heat-insulator intending quick spontaneous discharge of sunlight heat.
②Windows and Outer Walls for Insulating Sunlight Heat
A bigger roof and deeper eaves have been built to cut the sunlight, and a wooden-side walls system not to absorb sunlight heat.
③Shared Open Space Arrangements, Ventilation and Natural Lighting Cross Ventilation
The free and open-air space shared in common has been utilized to secure horizontal and vertical ventilation channels. Windows have been installed on the top roof to facilitate ventilation and heat discharge, and to get natural lighting. And a 3-story high void space has been built at the center of the building.
④Ventilation Channels Chimney Effect
To facilitate cross ventilation in private sections, an arrangement of openings and operating system have been designed. Two openings have been installed on the outer wall, and a vent window onto commonly shared open space. The operating system has been designed to allow ventilation not only during daytime but also at night.
⑤Cold Storage by Night Ventilation
Concrete floor slab with big thermal capacity is utilized as a cooling system. Cool air is led into rooms by the night ventilation to store the coolness in the concrete floor. This provides a coolant for the next daytime.
⑥Radiant Cooling System by Circulating Water
A polypropylene pipe is buried in the concrete slab floor to circulate well water for radiant cooling effect. The well water is kept in underground tank beneath the ground floor and is circulated by a solar-photovoltaic driven pump. The circulated water is reused for flushing toilets or sprinkling.
Slide 31
After completion of the building, the thermal conditions have been monitored. The effects of ventilating layers and heat-insulation materials are quite remarkable. The coconut fiber’s heat resistance can be estimated, and it has been proved to have good thermal properties as insulation materials. The concrete floor slab was cooled down by massive ventilation at night when temperature goes down, to determine the effects of cold storage. The daytime temperatures are about 2 degrees lower than the case without any night ventilation. The floor slab surface has a promising cooling radiation. Circulating-water radiant cooling effects fluctuate according to the water temperatures. The lower the water temperature the better the effect, but even at 28 degrees is sufficient for the radiant cooling effect.
My experience above is still limited and has many problems to be discussed, but the so-called Eco-cycled Architecture is one of our subjects we should continue to study.
５ New Movement of Community Based Development
Slide 32 Comprehensive KIP
It was not until the end of the 20th century, after Suharto resigned (1998), that KIP was restarted leaded by J. Silas. That is named Comprehensive KIP or Integrated KIP.
The program calls for community participation in all activities and promotes environmental, social and economic enhancement.
The goal is not only to improve the physical environment, but also to improve the standard of living, and to create employment through vocational training and support for the start-up of small businesses.
22.5% of the project cost was used for the improvement of the physical environment, 7.5% was used for human resource development and community participation for the implementation of the plan, and 70% was allocated to projects for job creation.
When Mayor Risma took office in September 2010, launched her city vision
1. build a smart city life,
2. represent a humane city,
3. realize a community-based economy, and
4. be an environmentally friendly and vibrant city.
Interestingly, various seminars were held in all 31 Kecamatangs, voluntary efforts by the kampungs, such as placing motivated citizens as environmental facilitators in each kampong and holding an environmental contest as part of the program. She declared the closure of Kampong Dolly Dolly, one of the largest red-light districts in Southeast Asia. Fortune magazine (March 2015) named one of the “50 Greatest Leaders in the World”, and was named “an inspirational mayor who speaks honestly about the problems we face” in Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A. Mayor Lisma was selected as the 24th place along with Mayor Mike Duggan, who is trying to rebuild from the financial collapse, and the evaluation is high.
Slide 33 Clean & Green KIP
And She & ITS Team started Post KIP program called Clean & Green KIP.
A: Greening/Urban Farming
It is the most important element in promoting Green and Clean, and it is related to the landscape. Greening is promoted by planting trees and placing many planters. In addition, fertilizer made from compost is used to grow plants.
B: Compost Introduced a composting system in kampong that ferments and rots raw garbage from households.
The photo shows the system, which is compost made from recycled tires. There are several of these in Kampong. The installation of this compost has resulted in a significant reduction in garbage in Kampong. In addition, awareness of hygiene at home has increased and hygiene conditions have improved. Residents can also use the compost to grow and sell agricultural products, which is a machine that allows them to earn extra income.
C: Water purification system Karbon charcoal, batu stone, and serabut palm are used to purify water. Systems like the one pictured are placed throughout Kampong. Wastewater treatment in Kampong is the second biggest issue next to the garbage problem. As composting gradually improves the problem of garbage disposal, we believe that the wastewater treatment system will become an issue in the future.
D: Recycling garbage, handicrafts such as bags, wallets, and umbrellas are manufactured, and residents make and use children’s toys and costumes (dresses) for participating in contests.
Slide 34 Kampung Rawas
Each kampung has a wide variety of activities.
An inner-city kampung feature traditional games, cooking, and crafts etc. to experience the former life as it used to be. This kampung is attracting tourist.
Established in 1976, UN-Habitat has held discussions once every 20 years on the direction of global housing policies that should be achieved over the next 20 years. A Pre-Meeting was held in Surabaya prior to Urban III. At that time, delegations from different countries visited this Kampong.
Slide 35
Last year, I talked about what I felt after walking around Souq al-Silah, Cairo from 2016 to 2017 and participating in workshops with students. The suggestion was actually based on 40 years of my experience in Indonesia.
Slide 36
1. Looking at the history of urban development projects in Surabaya, the first thing that comes to my mind is the importance of leadership.
2. The mayor (chief) is basically the best community architect, but politicians’ leadership alone doesn’t always work. Cooperation between government, industry, academia, and citizens is important, and in the case of Surabaya, J. Silas, who has been able to connect not only past mayors but also the central government, played a big role.
3. And community leaders are needed, not only leaders as administrative organizations (RT/RW), but also community architects with specialized knowledge.
4. International exchange of experiences is extremely important. Last year, I also said that we should start with what we can do.
Slide 37
As for the projects that I have been involved in or are still involved, I added some visual images on the APPENDIX.
Every year, I put together a proposal for a kampong in Surabaya as part of my graduate school exercise. Today, we can have a lot of discussions online. I hope that concrete projects will start.
That’s all for my report. thank you for your attention.
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